Que5.1. Explain smart detectors.
Answer
1. A smart detector is simply expanded as “ seeing, Monitoring and Remote Transmission ” detector.
2. It can be of either analog type or digital type which can be combined with a processing unit and a communication interface. These detectors can give an electrical affair.
3. When they combined with suitable interfacing bias, these detectors are also called intelligent detectors.
4. It can be defined as a microprocessor- grounded detector which can perform one or further number of the functions like logical functions, decision making, two- way communication, etc. It can be simply expressed as, Detectors Suitable interfacing circuits = Smart detectors
5. Smart detectors are different from conventional type detectors due to their special functions similar as ranging, estimation, communication with other bias,etc.
Que5.2. Give the features of smart detectors.
Answer
1. Automatic ranging.
2. bus estimation of data through an in- erected system.
3. Automatic data accession system and storehouse of data in original memory of the field device.
4. bus linearization ofnon-linear functions.
5. bus correction of equipoises, time and temperature drifts.
6. tone tuning control algorithms.
7. Easy communication through periodical machine.
Que5.3. What are the advantages of smart detectors?
Answer 1. No need of bulk lines and connectors Since smart detectors are of electronic circuits, there’s no need to use any bulk cabling and connectors, and hence overall cost of the system gets reduced.
2. Digital communication Due to the integrated manner, the smart detectors can give digital communication. They also have an in- erected tone test or individual installation.
3. Enhanced features Smart detectors are having enhanced features like tone- calculation, fault diagnostics, duplex communication, multi seeing, etc. Hence, they will be preferred in all kinds of control system.
4. trustability Reduced wiring and capability to give tone- test and diagnostics make the detectors more dependable to use.
5. Advanced SNR The electrical characteristic problems with the conventional detectors are overcome by the use of smart detectors. There’s no noise hindrance in smart detectors due to no operation of long transmission lines.
6. Advanced characteristics bettered linearity when compared with conventionalnon-linear characteristics, reducedcross-sensitivity, reduced neutralize and automatic are some of the important characteristics of a smart detector.
Que5.4. bandy the armature of smart detectors.
Answer 1. The simple structure of any smart detector is shown inFig.5.4.1. The seeing element and signal exertion are combined to develop a transduction element.
2. The detailed armature of a smart detector is shown inFig.5.4.2.
3. The factors present in the armature of a smart detector are given as follows Transduction rudiments( transducers)
ii. Interfacing tackle( data accession system)
iii. Memory tackle iv. Programming bias Communication installations
vi. Compensation installations.
4. From the armature, there are several amplifiers( A1, A2, A3 and A4) and sample and hold circuits( S/ H1, S/ H2, S/ H3 and S/ H4) corresponding to different transducers( Transducer 1, Transducer 2, Transducer 3 and Transducer 4) independently.
5. To gain the digital signal, the analog signals are transferred to ADC via analog MUX. Any type of ADC like flash type, consecutive approximation type or binary pitch type ADC can be preferred grounded on needed conversion time constraint.
6. neutralize compensation and correction circuits are also handed along with the processor.
7. These circuits are useful for the neutralize correction and zero compensation purpose against temperature drift. For the data storehouse and reclamation, memory is also available in the smart detector.
Que5.5. Explain the factors of smart detectors.
Answer seeing rudiments 1. Detectors along with the signal exertion circuits or simply transducers are used as seeing purpose.
2. They’re in contact with the real world signals or measuring systems. Any variables similar as temperature, pressure, inflow, position,etc., can be measured with them.
3. They’re also called a primary seeing part of any dimension system. Data accession system( DAS)
1. It can be used for the dimension and processing of any real world signal, or the variable which is to be measured, before being covered, displayed or recorded.
2. It consists of transducers, amplifiers, sample and hold bias, multiplexer and analog to digital conversion circuits.
1. still, it’s necessary to use If detectors are available for transductionpurpose.signal processing units to reuse the affair signals.
2. They will do the process of modifying or manipulating the input signal in such a way that they should meet the conditions for farther processing. 3. The process of signal exertion is carried out by the following way Excitation
a. For unresistant transducers, it’s essential to supply the power. Signal conditioning circuit itself generates excitation or power force to the unresistant transducers similar as strain hand, RTD, andetc. , current If RTD is used as detector for temperaturemeasurement.excitation source can be used to convert change in resistance grounded on temperature variation into measurable voltage.
ii. Modification For the purpose of adding the resolution and reducing the noise, amplifiers are used which will do boosting of input signals.
iii. Filtering To remove the unwanted noise factors present in the input signals, pollutants are needed. Depending on the input signal, LPF or HPF can be preferred.
iv. Linearization For better response,non-linear response can be converted into direct response by means of linearizing circuits. Testing The process of conversion of nonstop signal into separate signal is called slice.
vi. ADC/ DAC An analog to digital motor( ADC) can be used to convert physical volume( nonstop nature) into digital volume, whereas the digital volume can be converted into nonstop analog volume by means of a digital to analog motor( DAC).
vii. Sample and Hold( S/ H) circuit
1. Sample and hold circuit is a device which samples the voltage of continuously varying analog nature.
2. Further the value can be hold at a constant position for a specified period of time.
3. In any ADC circuit, sample and hold circuit can be used to exclude the variation in the input signal which corrupts the conversion process.
Multiplexer
1. It’s selection device which selects one of the several analog or digital input signals and the named signal will also be encouraged to a single line.
2. still, a multiplexer is used to elect If there are 2n inputs has n chooserlines.a particular input signal to be transferred to a single line. Programming bias After the process of data accession process, the reused affair signal is fed to the programming device similar as microprocessor unit for the purpose of programming. Memory For the purpose of storehouse and reclamation of programmed data, memory unit can be used.
Que5.6. What are the operations of smart detectors?
Answer 1. Smart accelerometers for the dimension of acceleration.
2. Smart optic detectors for object discovery.
3. Smart IR sensor array for the identification of presence of products.
4. Smart detector for disfigurement or fractures covering in structures or architectures.
5. Smart detectors to descry the minerals present in geological areas. 6. Food processing and preservation.
7. natural hazard discovery.
8. Health monitoring and medical diagnostics.