Que2.19. What are the colorful Indian laws related to labor safety and weal?
Answer Following are laws act related to labor safety and weal
1. Payment of stipend Act
i. This act is related to the payment of a stipend. This act was introduced to regulate the payment of stipends, duty of forfeitures, etc.
ii. According to this act, stipends are to be paid instantly on a yearly base and if any person is terminated from services, his stipend should be settled within 2 days of the termination.
2. minimal stipend Act
i. According to this act, provision is made for the statutory obsession of a minimal rate of stipend in the establishment.
ii. According to this act, different minimal rates can be fixed depending on the class of work, type of labor force employed- grown-ups, endless hand or, apprentice and depending on the position of work.
3. Manufactories Act i. Under this act, the health, safety, weal, working hours, periodic leave, accidents and any penalties are taken care of.
ii. Regarding health, arrangements for proper cleanliness of the demesne, disposal of wastes, ventilation and comfortable working temperature are to be maintained.
iii. typically, the working hours are confined to 8 hours/ day with a lunch break for1/2 hr and a aggregate of not further than 48 hours/ week. , compensatory leave is to be If the worker is engaged onholidays.given. Over time stipend are at twice the ordinary rate of stipend. Women workers should be employed only from 6a.m. to 7p.m.
vi. In case of accident, proper compensation is to be paid as per the provision.
4. Contract Labour( Regulation and invalidation) Act, 1970( Amended )
i. This act contains the vittles for perfecting the condition of contract labour.
ii. According to this Act contractors should get themselves registered and gain instruments of enrollment .
iii. The weal and health vittles to be handed to the contract labour include rest apartments, proper ventilation, lighting, water force and aseptic installations.
iv. First aid installations and washing are also contained in this act. Payment of stipend to each worker is to be made within the specified period.
5. Workmen’s Compensation, Act, 1923( Amended- 1984)
i. This act is for furnishing social security to the workers. Compensation is to be paid to the workers in case of accidents sustained during the course of employment and the quantum is decided upon its soberness.
ii. Under this act, fiscal relief is given in the following cases
a. In case of death, b. On account of occupational conditions,
c. For endless/ partial disablement, and d. Half-yearly payments for temporary disablement.
6. The Trade Union Act, 1926 i. Trade union is an association of persons formed substantially for the purpose of regulating the relations between employers and workers.
ii. A minimum of 7 workers can join together and form a trade union.
iii. The union has to get itself registered with the register of trade union. The applicable details similar as the name, address, the objects of forming the union and the subscription rate are all to be specified before enrollment .
Que2.20. Explain in detail about different types of contract and their relative advantages and disadvantages.
OR
Explain colorful types of contract system with advantages and Disadvantages.
Answer Types of Contract The following are the colorful types of contracts for prosecution of civil engineering workshop, with their relative graces and faults
1. Item Rate Contract Item rate contract is also known as unit price contract or schedule contract.
ii. A contract undertakes the prosecution of work on an item rate base.
iii. He’s needed to quote rate for individual item of work on the base of schedule of amounts( i.e., bill of amounts) furnished by the department.
iv. The quantum to be entered by the compression depends upon the amounts of work actually performed.
v. The payment to the contractor is made on the base of the detailed dimension of different particulars of work actually executed by him. graces
i. This system ensures a veritably detailed analysis of cost and payment to the contractor and is grounded upon detailed measures of each item actually done, so this system is more scientific.
ii. Changes in delineations and amounts of individual item can be made as per conditions within agreed limits. faults
i. The total cost of work can only be known after completion. As such the proprietor may face fiscal difficulty if the final cost is mainly high.
ii. fresh staff is needed to take detailed measures of work.
iii. The compass of saving with use of inferior quality accoutrements may prompt the contractor to do so.
2. Chance Rate Contract
i. In this form of contract, the department draws up ‘ item rate tender ’ i.e., bill of amounts with rate, quantum and total quantum.
ii. The contractors are needed to offer to carry out the work as per with the rates shown in the specific price schedule or some chance above or some chance below the rate indicated in the schedule of work attached with the tender.
iii. The chance above or below or at par is applicable on the overall cost of the work also. graces
i. The ranking amongst the contractors is fluently known just on the opening of the tenders.
ii. As there’s no provision to quote contractors own rate for an individual item, benefit due to increased volume with a salutary rate can not be profited by the contractor. The chance of unstable tender gets excluded. faults
i. A contractor is needed to write down only the chance above or at par or below, it’s veritably easy to write such a rate in many twinkles before the time of submission of the tender.
ii. By negotiating among the contractors, two or further may quote the same rate in order to get a part of the work at a high rate. It may be delicate to divide the work at equal quantum among the contractors.
3. Lump- Sum Contract
i. In this type of contract, a contractor is needed to quote a fixed sum for prosecution of work complete in all respect in the quested time according to the delineation, design and specifications supplied to him with the tender.
ii. The departmental schedule of rate for colorful particulars of work is also handed which regulates the payment of the contractor in respect of any additions and differences which are made over the original work.
iii. On the completion of the work, no detailed dimension of different particulars of work is demanded but the whole work done must be compared and checked with the delineations and specifications. graces
i. As the total cost of the work known before hand, the proprietor can arrange the fund in time.
ii. Detailed measures of the work done aren’t needed except in respect of additions and differences.
iii. The contractor’s profit substantially lies in the completion time. Hence for getting further profit the contractor tries to complete the work as early as possible. faults It’s veritably essential that the work must be defined directly, specifications must be completely specified and the point conditions must be completely explained else controversies can arise latterly on.
ii. For any intermediate payment, the value of work done shouldn’t be lower than the payment being made.
4. Labour Contract
i. In labour contract, the contractor undertakes contract for the labour portion only banning the accoutrements which are arranged and supplied at the work point by the department/ proprietor.
ii. The contractor engages the needful labour and gets the work done as per delineations and specifications.
iii. It’s an item rate base for labour portion only and the contractor is paid for the amounts of work done on dimension of different particulars of work at the quested rate in the contract agreement. graces
i. The accoutrements stored by the department are therefore utilised. ii. The work done through labour contract is of superior quality as better quality accoutrements are arranged by the proprietor.
iii. The overall cost of construction may be less, as no profit is paid on the cost of accoutrements .
iv. This system is veritably accessible for private structure construction. faults
i. A large storehouse area is needed to store the colorful kinds of accoutrements to be used in the construction under a constant guarding. ii. This system isn’t suitable for government department. Because of lengthy formalities in procurement of accoutrements , it’s veritably delicate to force each and every material readily to the labour contractor.
5. Cost Plus Chance Rate Contract
i. In this type of contract, a contractor agrees to take the work of construction on the factual cost of work plus an agreed chance in addition, for his services.
ii. It’s generally espoused when the labour and material costs are liable to change heavily in the request.
iii. The contractor arranges accoutrements and labour at his cost and keeps proper account which is paid by the department or proprietor with certain chance( say 10) of the cost of construction as his profit. An agreement is made consequently in advance. graces
i. The contract can be snappily drawn up and agreed and work can be completed in the shortest possible time.
ii. It’s particularly suitable when work can not be executed by other types of contracts due to query and oscillations in the request rates of labour and accoutrements . faults
i. The contractor’s only aim is to make the cost of the design as high as possible in order to seek lesser periphery of profit.
ii. A proper control over purchase of accoutrements and of labour shall have to be exercised by the department or the proprietor.